The Process of Protein Purification Literature review

The Process of Protein Purification - Literature review Example Vaccines, gene therapy and replacement (such as that in insulin-deficiency) all have helped in improving health conditions, and have been based on good elucidation of structures, research on structure-function relationships, and establishment of protein purification specific to the amino acid sequence present. With this in mind, this particular study designed a protocol to purify and characterize the a synthesis of cytochrome oxidase (SCO)-1-like protein 3966 in Streptomyces lividans. As will be seen later, better understanding of SCO proteins is still warranted, as many potential functions of these types of proteins are unclear. Moreover, SCO is a vital enzyme as the cytochrome oxidase c, and in essence the electron chain transport of the mitochondrial respiration mechanism, depends on it. Initial studies of homologues in bacteria have been the usual first step in protein characterization. Many proteins in the eukaryotic cells have been proven to have functional and structural counterparts in bacterial cells. Because of the relative ease of bacterial replication and protein purification, it is thus a method of choice in conducting in depth studies of proteins. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE I. Protein Purification There are factors to consider in doing protein purification. ... There are many kinds of column chromatography, ion-exchange, affinity, and size exclusion are just some of the more usual protein purification procedures that may be done. Affinity chromatography uses antibodies for a specific protein as part of the column through which the protein solution passes. Although it is highly specific, it is more expensive and much harder to prepare. Size exclusion, on the other hand, depends on the differences of molecular weights of the proteins that are present in the solution. In general, proteins with high molecular weight are eluted fastest as they are not able to get into the small spaces of the column, making their path down the column less impeded. On the other hand, low molecular weight proteins still pass through the tiny spaces within the column, thus slowing down their descent. Although much easier to prepare than an affinity column, a size exclusion chromatography column is less specific, as different proteins of similar weigh are eluted out at the same time, despite them having differences in characteristics, such as the isoelectric point (Burgess, 2008).. For ion exchange chromatography, these beads are charged, thus attracting the oppositely-charged proteins present in the solution to be passed through the column. Depending on the objective of the experiment, the eluent or the bound proteins are collected for further processing such as concentrating. To get the proteins bound on the beads, salt solutions of graded concentrations are passed onto the column. As the concentration of the salt increases, the beads will more likely bind to the salt than to the proteins. Thus, weak ionic proteins are bound weakly

Successfully Manage a Radical Change Within a Complex Organisation Essay

Successfully Manage a Radical Change Within a Complex Organisation - Essay Example pany implement re-engineering, reorganisation and cultural transformation, then the entire operational activities face radical changes in three levels. Firstly, changes occur among the personnel who employed within that particular organisation. These changes take place in terms of their attitude, skills, capabilities, attributes and behaviour regarding work place. Top level management should always aware about such behavioural changes which can impact upon the organisational working procedures. Secondly, changes can also take place in organisational structure and system which in turn might transform the existing working culture; procedures reward system and other activities. Thirdly, direct changes can also occur within the organisational culture which might effect upon employees relationship, can develop conflict and can impact on decision making procedures (Government of Jamaica, 2010). In this similar context, changes are completely depends upon business situation and always takes place in order to deal dynamic competitive circumstances. Some of the common changes happen in order to deal with new competitors and new technological innovation. All these changes take place in order to enhance operational efficiency and to obtain long term profitability (Dawson, 2010). By considering the present business scenario, change management is quite significant in every aspect of operational activities. Successful change ensures enhanced organisational ability to perform effectively within the new business environment. The fundamental source of change management is to enhance the capacity of employee to adopt changing working environment. There are some common factors which need to be considered for making a change successful. The first factor is appropriate planning which is... This paper stresses that the transition of an organisation gradually initiates. In this stage, managers try to build a readiness in order to tackle the change. In the awakening stage, the organisation assesses the problems and evaluates the possibilities of change. This can be done with the help of the information gathered from unconscious stage. In reordering stage, an organisation analyse the existing working situation comparatively with the changing scenario. This stage affects largely to the organisational stability and performance equilibrium of an individual personnel. The core idea which has been emerged from the overall discussion is that the major challenges which are coming from radical changes for the organisation is to uphold high productivity while facing transformative changes. The change is considered as an impact which might hamper the overall organisational work structure. Subsequently, on the other hand these changes may lead an organisation towards the high productivity. There are various types of models and principles by which an organisation can successfully adopt the changes into their working environment. It has been observed that the process of changes and transformation is significantly considered as an end and re-birth process where an organisation either shut down its operational activities or attain sustainable competitive advantage. Either cases, an organisation needs to experience and tackle necessary transformational changes in order to survive and grow. Successful change of an organisation effectively depends on personnel capability to incorporate changes in structure and work comfortably within new environment.